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Zwei Experimente untersuchten die Auswirkungen des absichtlichen Unterdrückens des Abrufs von motorischen Sequenzen auf deren späteres Abrufen im Denken/Nicht-Denken- Paradigma (Anderson & Green, 2001). Nachdem mehrere motorische Sequenzen durch wiederholte Übungszyklen mit einzelnen Hinweisen verknüpft worden waren, wurde eine Teilmenge dieser Sequenzen als Reaktion auf ihre jeweiligen Hinweise abgerufen ( Think Trials), während andere Sequenzen unterdrückt wurden. In solchen No-Think- Studien wurden Hinweise gezeigt, aber die Teilnehmer wurden angewiesen, die damit verbundene motorische Reaktion zurückzuhalten und ihre Erinnerung zu unterdrücken. Wir fanden heraus, dass die Unterdrückung des Abrufs die spätere Gedächtnisleistung für die unterdrückten Sequenzen im Vergleich zu Items beeinträchtigte, die nach ihrem anfänglichen Training überhaupt nicht aufgerufen wurden ( BaselineSequenzen). Die Unterdrückung beeinträchtigte den späteren Sequenzabruf und die Sequenzgeschwindigkeit, wenn auch je nach Trainingsniveau auf unterschiedliche Weise: Bei höherem anfänglichem Training von Sequenzen (Experiment 1) beeinträchtigte die Unterdrückung die Reaktionszeit, aber nicht die Erinnerungsgenauigkeit; bei geringerem Anfangstraining (Experiment 2) verringerte die Unterdrückung die Erinnerungsgenauigkeit. Reaktionszeitanalysen zeigten eine konsequente Verlangsamung der Bewegungsausführung bei unterdrückten Sequenzen. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen, dass inhibitorische Kontrollprozesse , die während der Abrufunterdrückung involviert sind, Gedächtnisrepräsentationen von motorischen Aktionen beeinflussen können, indem sie nicht nur ihre Zugänglichkeit reduzieren, sondern auch ihre Ausführung beeinflussen, sobald sie abgerufen werden.
For some people with strong motor impairments, controlling a computer with theeyes is the only possibility for human-computer interaction. In addition, gaze controlis becoming a new option as an input device for the general population as wellbecause of the increasing availability of eye-tracking technology. Yet, little is knownabout additional cognitive demands involved in gaze control and how to handlepotentially high demands when using the eyes not only for perception but also foraction. The present study shows that cognitive offloading improves performancewhen using gaze control. Memory for to-be-studied items benefitted significantlyfrom saving another set of items just studied before for later restudy. Employing cog-nitive offloading in a targeted manner may be a useful means to assist in mastering eye-gaze control.
Two experiments examined effects of including an information about a disability in a person description on memory about that person’s traits. In Experiment 1, this information impaired correct recognition of traits of a person that had been described in correspondence to gender stereotypes. In Experiment 2, it induced false memories in accordance with stereotypes about people with disabilities. Participants’ false alarms for traits belonging to the dimension of warmth increased, whereas false alarms for traits belonging to the dimension of competence decreased. Thus, activating stereotypes through a disability prime influenced what could be recognized correctly or falsely was assumed to be recognized about a person.
The saving of previously encoded information boosts both memory for subsequent information (saving-enhanced memory; SEM) as well as cognitive performance in general (saving-enhanced performance; SEP). These findings have been replicated in a setting that involves the assistance by an intelligent software that automatically structures and saves work content in an interactive sidebar. It is assumed that beneficial effects on cognitive performance due to (automatic) saving are caused by a reduction in current workload by means of cognitive offloading. We tested this assumption by measuring neural activity in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) via functional near infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS)—once after saving and once after deleting of previously collected information that had to be recalled later-on. On a behavioral level, there was a brief benefit of saving. However, cognitive offloading became most apparent on a neural level: after saving, participants showed significantly lower activation in the right DLPFC. Also, the more participants benefited from cognitive offloading, the more they were able to re-access previously collected, saved information. Thus, fNIRS results indicated reduced mental load after saving, confirming the assumption that saving triggers cognitive offloading.
Retrieval-based learning has been investigated in various populations. The present study examined retrieval-based learning in a sample of students at a special-needs school with educational tracks for learning and mental development. In addition, a comparison group of students at a regular school was examined. Learning conditions were manipulated within participants. In a first session, participants either received restudy cycles only, or they received alternating test and restudy cycles. A second session then comprised the opposite form of practice. In both sessions, a final test assessed memory after a short distractor phase. This procedure was the same in two experiments but with different kinds of item material. For both kinds (images and image-word pairs), a testing effect occurred, that is higher recall of tested items. These results show that lower cognitive ability or lack of experience with regularly being tested in school do not prevent students from benefiting from retrieval-based learning.