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This volume is largely about nontraditional data; this paper is about a nontraditional visualization: classification trees. Using trees with data will be new to many students, so rather than beginning with a computer algorithm that produces optimal trees, we suggest that students first construct their own trees, one node at a time, to explore how they work, and how well. This build-it-yourself process is more transparent than using algorithms such as CART; we believe it will help students not only understand the fundamentals of trees, but also better understand tree-building algorithms when they do encounter them. And because classification is an important task in machine learning, a good foundation in trees can prepare students to better understand that emerging and important field. We also describe a free online tool—Arbor—that students can use to do this, and note some implications for instruction.
The problem-solving performance of primary school students depend on their attitudes and beliefs. As it is not easy to change attitudes, we aimed to change the relationship between problem-solving performance and attitudes with a training program. The training was based on the assumption that self-generated external representations support the problem-solving process. Furthermore, we assumed that students who are encouraged to generate representations will be successful, especially when they analyze and reflect on their products. A paper-pencil test of attitudes and beliefs was used to measure the constructs of willingness, perseverance, and self-confidence. We predicted that participation in the training program would attenuate the relationship between attitudes and problem-solving performance and that non-participation would not affect the relationship. The results indicate that students’ attitudes had a positive effect on their problem-solving performance only for students who did not participate in the training.
The effect of direct instruction and web quest on learning outcome in computer science education.
(2018)
Answers to the questions of which instructional methods are suitable for school and should be applied in teaching individual subjects and also how instructional methods support the act of learning represent challenges to general education and education in individual subjects. This study focuses on the empirical examination of learning outcome with respect to two instructional methods: direct instruction and web quest. An SPF-2 × 2•2 design is used to control instructional method, time and class context. Learning outcome on QR code is assessed with reference to multiple-choice test items. The empirical findings show that learning with direct instruction performs better than web quest.
Fragestellungen zur Konzeptualisierung und Messung professionsbezogener Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften stellen ein hochaktuelles Thema in der mathematikdidaktischen Forschung dar (z.B. Kunter et al., 2013; Kaiser et al., 2015). Trotz unterschiedlicher Ansätze in diesem Bereich besteht weitgehend Konsens darüber, dass Kompetenzen die persönlichen Voraussetzungen zur erfolgreichen Bewältigung berufsspezifischer situationaler Anforderungen beschreiben (Baumert & Kunter, 2013) und prinzipiell erlernbar und vermittelbar sind (Weinert, 2001b). Es gibt jedoch keine „Kompetenz“ per se, da die Beschreibung einer solchen stets einen relevanten berufsspezifischen Kontext voraussetzt (Hartig, 2008). Der Ausgangspunkt zur Beschreibung und Definition einer professionsbezogenen Kompetenz für Lehrkräfte sind folglich die beruflichen Anforderungen, die Lehrkräfte erfüllen müssen, um in Interaktion mit den Schülerinnen und Schülern die Lerngelegenheiten bereitzustellen, die verständnisvolle Lernprozesse ermöglichen (Lindmeier, 2011; Koeppen et al., 2008; Baumert & Kunter, 2013). Für Mathematiklehrkräfte wurde der Umgang mit vielfältigen Darstellungen als eine solche zentrale Anforderung beschrieben (Hill, Schilling & Ball, 2004; Ball, Thames & Phelps, 2008). Zahlreiche Studien weisen darauf hin, dass hierbei die Wechsel zwischen unterschiedlichen Darstellungsformen komplexe kognitive Prozesse erfordern und oftmals für viele Schülerinnen und Schüler zu einer Lernhürde werden (z.B. Ainsworth, Bibby & Wood, 1998; Duval, 2006; Ainsworth, 2006). Lehrkräfte benötigen daher spezifisches Wissen in diesem Bereich, um die Lernenden bei Darstellungswechseln unterstützen zu können (Duval, 2006; Mitchell, Charalambous & Hill, 2014; Dreher & Kuntze, 2015a, b). Lehrkräfte müssen jedoch auch in der Lage sein, Unterrichtssituationen zum Umgang mit Darstellungen zu analysieren, also Beobachtungen in Unterrichtsituationen mit diesem Wissen zu verknüpfen, um potentiell schwierige Darstellungswechsel erkennen zu können (Friesen, Dreher & Kuntze, 2015; Friesen & Kuntze, 2016). Es besteht weitgehend Konsens darüber, dass diese Analyse von Unterrichtssituationen eine wesentliche Voraussetzung dafür darstellt, dass Lehrkräfte überhaupt passende Lernangebote und Hilfestellungen zur Verfügung stellen können (z.B. Sherin, Jacobs & Philipps, 2011; Schoenfeld, 2011; Santagata & Yeh, 2016). Dennoch bleibt in aktuellen Konzeptualisierungen professionsbezogener Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften das Analysieren von Unterrichtssituationen im Hinblick auf potentiell hinderliche Darstellungswechsel weitgehend unberücksichtigt (z.B. Baumert & Kunter, 2013; Kaiser et al., 2015). Im Rahmen dieser Studie wird daher ein solches fachdidaktisches Analysieren von Unterrichtssituationen als wichtige professionsbezogene Kompetenz von Mathematiklehrkräften beschrieben. Da es bislang kaum empirische Studien gibt, in denen eine solche Kompetenz untersucht wurde, soll somit auch ein Beitrag zur Messung fachdidaktischer Analysekompetenz geleistet werden.
Um Kompetenzen von Lehrkräften unterrichtsnah zu erfassen, gelten vignettenbasierte Erhebungen als besonders geeignet (Kaiser et al., 2015; Blömeke, Gustafs-son & Shavelson, 2015). Entsprechend wurde im Rahmen dieser Studie ein vignettenbasiertes Testinstrument mit sechs Unterrichtssituationen aus dem Bereich Bruchrechnung (Klasse 6) entwickelt, in welchen der Umgang mit Darstellungswechseln eine zentrale Rolle spielt. Bislang gibt es wenige Untersuchungen dazu, welche Rolle unterschiedliche Vignettenformate für die Auseinandersetzung mit Unterrichtsvignetten (z.B. für die wahrgenommene Authentizität) und die Analyse zum Umgang mit vielfältigen Darstellungen spielt, dasselbe gilt für unterschiedliche Frageformate. Da die spezifischen Eigenschaften unterschiedlicher Vignet-tenformate und Frageformate bei der Kompetenzmessung jedoch durchaus eine Auswirkung auf die Schwierigkeit der Items haben können (Hartig, 2008), sind Untersuchungen hierzu im Rahmen dieser Studie von besonderem Interesse. Um dem beschriebenen Forschungsinteresse nachzugehen, wurde jede der sechs Un-terrichtssituationen im Testinstrument in drei Formaten (Text, Comic, Video) umgesetzt und offene sowie geschlossene Frageformate zur Analyse des Umgangs mit Darstellungen in den Unterrichtssituationen vorgelegt. Das beschriebene Testinstrument bearbeiteten N = 298 Lehramtsstudierende, Lehramtsanwärterinnen und Lehramtsanwärter sowie praktizierende Lehrkräfte. Die erhaltenen Daten wurden mit Raschmodellen analysiert, um die Qualität der vorgenommenen Kompetenzmessung zu prüfen (Bond & Fox, 2015).
Die Ergebnisse belegen eine gute Auseinandersetzung der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer mit den Vignetten in allen drei Formaten (Text, Comic, Video), wodurch eine wichtige Voraussetzung für die Analyse der vorgelegten Unterrichtssituation gegeben war. Es zeigte sich, dass fachdidaktische Analysekompetenz zum Umgang mit Darstellungen unabhängig von den eingesetzten Vignetten-formaten (Text, Comic, Video) als eindimensionales Konstrukt modelliert werden kann. Während die drei unterschiedlichen Vignettenformate keinen systemati-schen Einfluss auf die Analyse der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer zum Umgang mit Darstellungen zeigten, wurde nachgewiesen, dass die Items aus den geschlossenen Formaten systematisch leichter zu beantworten waren. Die Analyseergebnisse der Teilnehmerinnen und Teilnehmer lassen auf eine eher niedrige Ausprägung fachdidaktischer Analysekompetenz zum Umgang mit vielfältigen Darstellungen schließen, da potentiell problematische Darstellungswechsel in den Unterrichts-vignetten häufig nicht erkannt wurden. Insgesamt konnte festgestellt werden, dass die drei Vignettenformate Text, Comic und Video vergleichbar zur Erhebung fachdidaktischer Analysekompetenz zum Umgang mit vielfältigen Darstellungen geeignet sind.
After a brief description of the four components of risk literacy and the tools for analyzing risky situations, decision strategies are introduced, These rules, which satisfy tenets of Bounded Rationality, are called fast and frugal trees. Fast and frugal trees serve as efficient heuristics for decision under risk. We describe the construction of fast and frugal trees and compare their robustness for prediction under risk with that of Bayesian networks. In particular, we analyze situations of risky decisions in the medical domain. We show that the performance of fast and frugal trees does not fall too far behind that of the more complex Bayesian networks.
Since students’ knowledge of scientific language can be one of the main difficulties when learning science, teachers must have adequate knowledge of scientific language as well as the teaching and learning of it. Currently, little is known about teachers’ practices and, thus, teachers’ knowledge of scientific language, in general, and the teaching and learning of it (Pedagogical Scientific Language Knowledge, PSLK) in particular. For this reason, with this systematic review, we seek to identify elements of pre- and in-service primary and secondary science teachers’ PSLK. The search was conducted on the database Education Resources Information Center (ERIC) and resulted in 35 articles with empirical evidence after the selection process. The results have been deductively and inductively categorized following the framework of the Refined Consensus Model of Pedagogical Content Knowledge, elaborating elements of different knowledge categories that shape PSLK, as well as PSLK itself (e.g., knowledge of (i) scientific language role models, (ii) making scientific terms and language explicit, (iii) providing a discursive classroom, and (iv) providing multiple representations and resources). We can conclude that more research on PSLK is needed as analyzed articles are mainly based on case studies. Additionally, this paper shows a need for a stronger focus on scientific language in teacher education programs. Implications for further research and teacher education are discussed.
We investigated whether retrieval-based learning can facilitate the acquisition of cognitive skills, focusing on the control-of-variables strategy. This core scientific experimentation skill is regularly taught in science education classes because understanding it is essential for understanding experimental investigations in science. In the present study, participants initially read a text explaining the control-of-variables strategy. We compared the effects of subsequent retrieval practice and restudy of the text in performing a transfer test requiring the application of the control-of-variables strategy by judging the validity of a number of experimental designs. In addition, recall of the initially studied text was assessed as well. Repeated retrieval practice in combination with restudy opportunities resulted in better performance in both the transfer test and the recall test as compared to mere restudy or a single study opportunity. These findings demonstrate that retrieval practice is a useful tool for promoting deep conceptual learning.
This paper tries to answer the question whether the promising Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) teaching method also has positive effects on the pragmatic competences of CLIL students compared to their peers in mainstream English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms. To avoid deviances caused by other factors external to the teaching method, only students who have a similar language background were selected for the study by means of a questionnaire. Data on the articulations of requests, thanks, complaints, apologies, invitations, refusals and advice was collected during videotaped English role plays and role enactments. After the role plays/role enactments, students were interviewed about their performance and were given German Discourse Completion Tests (DCTs) to allow a comparison between respective articulations in their L1 and L2. Furthermore, teachers were questioned about the speech acts they used in CLIL and EFL classes and their judgements about the students’ possible activities.
Gamification and game-based learning have been established as powerful tools in education. Location-based games (geogames) have been established following mainly a ‘seek-and-find’ game-mechanic, challenging mechanics like simulations are rarely used. We describe an approach for creating an educational location-based game (geogame). The central design problem consists in integrating an ecological simulation into the location-based game flow. We show how to combine these two game mechanics by simplifying complex simulations while maintaining their validity. In an empirical study we evaluate our geogame with secondary school students (N = 329). Our quasi-experimental pre-post-test design focuses on the game-related enjoyment provided by a simplified simulation task within a geogame compared to a more complex desktop simulation and to a geogame without simulation. The results show that the players of the Geogame spend much less time on interacting with the simulation than on other tasks. Nevertheless, the simulation within the geogame contributes positively to the game playing experience. Player enjoyment is even found to be slightly higher in the simulation geogame than in the indoor simulation. A critical threshold of time for using simulations within location-based game mechanics is discussed and related design-pattern for geogames are presented to support educators and game developers in the co-design of challenging location-based games. This study contributes to locate ecological simulations in areas where they actually take place. Complex topics and competencies in education become “real” for players in an outdoor experience.
We investigated retrieval-induced forgetting of motor sequences in samples of Chinese participants. Retrieval-induced forgetting occurs when selective retrieval of a subset of information stored in memory causes forgetting for the non-retrieved rest. This phenomenon critically depends on the organised storage of separate categories of memory representations. In studies with participants from a Western culture (Germany), a categorization in left- and right-hand movements previously had been supported by letter stimuli based on a spatial mental representation of the Roman alphabet. The same assignment of letters from the beginning or end of the alphabet to motor sequences performed either with the left- or the right-hand did not entail retrieval-induced forgetting in the present study, however (Experiment 1). In Experiment 2, visual features of displaying to-be-learned sequences additionally supported a distinction into left and right. In Experiment 3, learning trials provided verbal category labels. The occurrence of retrieval-induced forgetting in the latter two experiments suggests language-dependent organisation of non-verbal items in memory.