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We report on a study on syllogistic reasoning conceived with the idea that subjects' performance in experiments is highly dependent on the communicative situations in which the particular task is framed. From this perspective, we describe the results of Experiment 1 comparing the performance of undergraduate students in 5 different tasks. This between-subjects comparison inspires a within-subject intervention design (Experiment 2). The variations introduced on traditional experimental tasks and settings include two main dimensions. The first one focuses on reshaping the context (the pragmatics of the communication situations faced) along the dimension of cooperative vs. adversarial attitudes. The second one consists of rendering explicit the construction/representation of counterexamples, a crucial aspect in the definition of deduction (in the classical semantic sense). We obtain evidence on the possibility of a significant switch in students' performance and the strategies they follow. Syllogistic reasoning is seen here as a controlled microcosm informative enough to provide insights and we suggest strategies for wider contexts of reasoning, argumentation and proof.
"Wir berichten über eine Studie zum syllogistischen Denken, die mit der Idee konzipiert wurde, dass die Leistung der Probanden in Experimenten stark von den kommunikativen Situationen abhängt, in denen die jeweilige Aufgabe gestellt wird. Aus dieser Perspektive beschreiben wir die Ergebnisse von Experiment 1, in dem die Leistung von Studenten im Grundstudium in 5 verschiedenen Aufgaben verglichen wird. Dieser Vergleich zwischen den Subjekten inspiriert zu einem Interventionsdesign innerhalb der Subjekte (Experiment 2). Die eingeführten Variationen traditioneller experimenteller Aufgaben und Einstellungen umfassen zwei Hauptdimensionen. Die erste konzentriert sich auf die Neugestaltung des Kontexts (der Pragmatik der konfrontierten Kommunikationssituationen) entlang der Dimension kooperativer vs. feindlicher Einstellungen. Die zweite besteht darin, die Konstruktion/Darstellung von Gegenbeispielen explizit zu machen, ein entscheidender Aspekt bei der Definition von Deduktion (im klassischen semantischen Sinne). Wir erhalten Beweise für die Möglichkeit einer signifikanten Änderung der Leistung der Schüler und der Strategien, denen sie folgen. Syllogistisches Denken wird hier als kontrollierter Mikrokosmos angesehen, der informativ genug ist, um Einsichten zu liefern, und wir schlagen Strategien für breitere Kontexte von Argumentation, Argumentation und Beweis vor."
The notion of “bounded rationality” was introduced by Simon as an appropriate framework for explaining how agents reason and make decisions in accordance with their computational limitations and the characteristics of the environments in which they exist (seen metaphorically as two complementary scissor blades).We elaborate on how bounded rationality is usually conceived in psychology and on its relationship with logic. We focus on the relationship between heuristics and some non-monotonic logical systems. These two categories of cognitive tools share fundamental features. As a step further, we show that in some cases heuristics themselves can be formalized from this logic perspective. We have therefore two main aims: on the one hand, to demonstrate the relationship between the bounded rationality programme and logic, understood in a broad sense; on the other hand, to provide logical tools of analysis of already known heuristics. This may lead to results such as the characterization of fast and frugal binary trees in terms of their associated logic program here provided.